A good quality compost free from weeds, pathogens and rich in nutrients is a prerequisite for adopting organic farming practice. Different methods have been developed for the preparation of quality compost from farm wastes. Depending upon the nature and quantity of raw material available with farmer. Any one or combination of following methods may be adopted for the production of compost.
INDORE METHOD: This is an old method of compost preparation in the pit having size of 9'x5'x3'. A portion of pit is filled with farm wastes layer by layer. Each layer is around 3" thick and over it a layer 2" of cow dung slurry mixed with urine is spread. Pit is filled with farm wastes and plastered with 2"-4" thick layer of soil and dung. This prevents moisture loss and allow the temperature to rise up to 60-65ºC within 3-4 days. Material inside the pit is turned after 15-30 days and moisture is maintained by adding water. Another turning is given after an interval of 30 days. Good quality compost become ready within 3-4 months.
NADEP COMPOST: This compost method was developed by Naryan Devrao Pandri Pandey. A brick structure measuring 10'x6'x3' is prepared with holes in the side walls to ensure adequate supply of air during composting. The brick tank is filled with farm wastes, soil and cow dung and water is added to maintain moisture between 60-75% . A tank is filled with soil, 16-18qtls, farm wastes 14-16qtls, dung 1-1.2qtls. Water is added to moisture the material and upper layer is plastered with soil and dung mixture. After 75-90 days of composting, microbial culture of Azotobacter, Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria are added into the mixture. Compost becomes ready for use within 110-120 days. One tank provide about 2.5-2.7 t of compost sufficient for one hectare land.
Another kind of nadep is known as BHU-NADEP. In this construction of tank by bricks are not required. Method of filling is same as above.
NADEP PHOSPHO COMPOST: This is a method to prepare phosphorus enriched compost using farm wastes, rock phosphate and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Insoluble phosphorus present in rock phosphate is transformed into soluble form through the action of certain specific micro organisms during the process of composting.
Compost is prepared using farm wastes, cow dung and soil as the quantity given for preparation of nadep compost .Rock phosphate is added to this mixture @ 12.5% w/w. This mixture is filled either in pit, NADEP tank or BHU-NADEP. This material is plastered with a mixture of dung and soil after adding sufficient water to moisten the decomposing mixture. The material is turned after 15 days and thereafter at an interval of 30 days. At each turning water is added to maintain sufficient moisture. Compost becomes ready within 3-4 months and contains N,1%, P2O5, 2-4% and K2O, 1-2%. One equal P2O5 basis this compost can substitute the use of phosphatic fertilizers in crops.
VERMI COMPOST: Earthworms are used to prepare compost from farm and livestock wastes. Earthworms continuously feed upon the organic residues and produce casts. This casts is generally termed as vermi compost, Casts of earthworms are usually rich in nutrients and organic matter and therefore serves as a good source of manure for growing crops. Certain earthworms like Eisenia foetida, Perionyx excavatus and Eudrilus eugeniae are specifically suited for the preparation of vermicompost. Vermicompost contains N,1.0-1.5% P2O5, 0.2-1.0% and K2O. 1-2% depending upon the raw materials used.
BHABHUT AMRIT PANI: This is a preparation made by mixing cow dung 10Kg with desi ghee 250gms and honey 500gms. This material is mixed with 200 liter of water and spread in the field after sowing a crop.
AMRIT SANJEEVANI: This is fermented preparation made up of cow dung 60kg, urea 3kg, single super phosphate 3 kg. Murate of potash 1.0 kg. and ground nut cake 2 kg and water 200 liter. The mixture is fermented for two days in a container. This material is sprayed over the crop two-three times in one acre area.
PITCHER KHAD: This is a fermented preparation made from cow dung 15kg, cow urine 15 liter, water 15 liter and Gud 250gms. Mixture is mixed in a container and covered with a cloth or gunny beg. The material is fermented for 4-5 days. The fermented mixture is mixed with water 200liter and sprayed over the crop in one acre area. Two -three sprays are sufficient for short duration crops.
BIO GAS SLURRY: Biogas slurry is a good manure. Slurry is dried in solar drier. Dried slurry is directly applied in fields.
GREEN MANURES: Several green manure crops provide sufficient organic matter and nitrogen for growing crops. Dhaincha and sunhamp are two most common green manure crops normally used as a source of nutrients and organic matter. They have potential to supply 60-90 kg nitrogen within a period ranging between 45-60 days. Green manuring also help in providing large amount of easily decomposable organic matter to the soil which accelerate the nutrient cycling processes and make available nutrients to the crops.
One tones Dhaincha dry matter add N 26,2Kg, P 7.3Kg, K 17.8Kg, S 1.9 Kg, Ca 1.4 Kg ,Mg 1.6 Kg , Zn 25ppm,Fe105 ppm Mn 39 ppm, Cu 7ppm per hectare in soil.
BIO FERTILIZER: Microorganismslike Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Blue green algae and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria are being used as biofertiliser in different crops. These microorganisme promote plant growth through different process like nitrogen fixation phosphate solubilizer and production of plant growth substances. Blue green algae and Azola are been successfully used as biofertilizer in paddy.
For further reading ....
Goverment of Madhya Pradesh : Methods of composting
Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations : Small-scale compostingNATUECO FARMING : AMRUT JAL AND AMRUT MITTI
Ingredients for Amrut Jal :
1 liter cow dung
1 liter cow urine
50 gms black jaggery
10 ltrs water
(substitute ingredient for black jaggery: 6 over ripe bananas or 2 glasses of plain sugar cane juice or 6 pieces of over ripe jackfruit or other over ripe sweet fruit that is may be locally available).
Mix all the above together and keep for 3 days. Stir the mixture 2 to 3 times in a day, clock wise and anti-clock wise. On 4th day, take one liter of this concentrate mixture and mix it with 10 liters of water.
After this comes preparation of Amrut Mitti
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